Crusades Essays (245 words) - Christianization, Crusades, Invasions

The Crusaders did the dirty work of the Christians without the Christians killing anyone. The Crusaders did not believe in anything the Christians did therefore they fought for the Christians with their own benefit. The Christians received things by sacrifice and not killing. Both were very different but together they achieved more then either one of them would by their selves. Christians believed strongly in Jesus and whatever he had instructed them. He told them to love your enemies and not to hate them. Loving them went with not killing their enemies but sacrificing or doing what they needed to do to get what they wanted. Their life was meant to be simple and not rich and to appreciate all the little things in their lives. The Crusaders had a totally different mind set. They did not care whether or not they had to kill anyone to get what they wanted. On the first crusade they killed 70,000 people in Jerusalem. When the Crusaders won a battle they took land for themselves and wanted to live rich and have power. Unlike the Christians they were greedy and wanted as much as they could get plus more. The Christians and the Crusaders were very different but together they could gain more land. With the Christians taking the suttle way and the Crusaders fighting their way through they could handle more. Without the Crusaders the Christians could not have gotten as much as they did.

Social Worker Burnout Studied Essays

Social Worker Burnout Studied Essays Social Worker Burnout Studied Essay Social Worker Burnout Studied Essay but recent research in the field of injury has identified emphasiss alone to that work. These emphasiss have been conceptualized as vicarious injury ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) . To day of the month, most research has focused on the single features thought to lend to vicarious injury. There has been less focal point on the organisational constructions that may lend. In this article, we draw on the research on organisational correlatives of burnout as a background for analyzing the research on vicarious injury and so sketch assorted organisational schemes suggested by practicians working with trauma subsisters to forestall vicarious injury. This treatment is informed by a qualitative survey of counsellors working with victims of domestic force ( Bell, 1998, 1999 ) that suggested the importance of the work environment, among other issues, in the development of vicarious injury. Citati ons by counsellors from that survey will be used to exemplify the treatment. Organizational Correlates of Burnout Maslach ( 1993 ) described burnout as holding three dimensions: ( a ) emotional exhaustion ; ( B ) depersonalisation, defined as a negative attitude towards clients, a personal withdrawal, or loss of ideals ; and ( degree Celsius ) reduced personal achievement and committedness to the profession. Burnout has been conceptualized as a procedure instead than a status or province, and some have theorized that it progresses consecutive through each of these dimensions ( Maslach, 1993 ) . Maslach and others have examined the person, interpersonal, and organisational features that contribute to burnout. Of peculiar involvement to this treatment is the determination that organisations can either promote occupation satisfaction or contribute to burnout ( Soderfeldt, Soderfeldt, A ; Warg, 1995 ) . Unsupportive disposal, deficiency of professional challenge, low wages, and troubles encountered in supplying client services are prognostic of higher burnout rates ( Arches, 1991 ; Beck, 1987 ; Him le, Jayaratne, A ; Thyness, 1986 ) . Individual staff members suffer, and the resulting loss of experient staff can decrease the quality of client services ( Arches, 1991 ) . This research has helped place organisational supports that could be effectual in buffering or interceding burnout and point to workplace features that may besides forestall vicarious injury. Vicarious Trauma Recently, the occupational emphasis of societal workers working with trauma subsisters has begun to have attending ( Cunningham, 1999 ; Dalton, 2001 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ) . Some writers are get downing to propose that injury theory has of import public-service corporation in understanding the burnout experience of societal workers working in kid protection and with HIV-infected populations ( Horwitz, 1998 ; Wade, Beckerman, A ; Stein, 1996 ) . Many theoreticians have speculated that the emotional impact of this type of traumatic stuff is contagious and can be transmitted through the procedure of empathy ( Figley, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ; Stamm, 1995 ) , as in this illustration from an experient societal worker speaking about reding adult females in a household service bureau: Some times after a session, I will be traumatized .I will experience over whelmed, and I can retrieve a peculiar state of affairs with a sexually abused individual where I I merely did nt desire to hear any more of her narratives about what really happened.She seemed to desire to go on to state me those over and over and I remember merely experiencing about contaminated, like, you know, like I was abused. You know? And so I set bounds withher a fter some ace vision about that but tracked her in a different way.It hink it has an impact. I m merely non certain of what ( a squoted in Bell,1998 ) In the past 10 old ages, the emotional impact of working with trauma subsisters has been examined under several concepts: compassion weariness ( Figley, 1995 ) , secondary traumatic emphasis ( Figley, 1993 ; Stamm, 1995 ) , and vicarious injury ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) . These concepts have been compared and debated ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ; Stamm, 1995 ) , and a full treatment of them is outside the range of this article. The bulk of the empirical surveies in this country have used the vicarious injury concept. For this ground, the term vicarious injury will by and large be used throughout this article unless another term has been used specifically in the research cited. Vicarious injury has been defined as the transmutation that occurs in the interior experience of the healer [ or worker ] that comes approximately as a consequence of empathetic battle with clients injury stuff ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, p. 31 ) . Vicarious injury can ensue in physiological symptoms that resemble posttraumatic emphasis reactions, which may attest themselves either in the signifier of intrusive symptoms, such as flashbacks, night-mares, and obsessional ideas, or in the signifier of constricting symptoms, such as numbing and disassociation ( Beaton A ; Murphy, 1995 ) . It may besides ensue in breaks to of import beliefs, called cognitive scheme, that persons hold about themselves, other people, and the universe ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) , as in the undermentioned illustration from a immature worker in a beat-up adult females s shelter: I think you see the worst of people, working here the worst of what people do to each other. And I think when you do nt hold proper resource halt rocess that, to work through it, to underst and it or set it in some sort of context, it merely leaves you experiencing a small baffle dabout what s traveling on out at that place, and the manner things work in the universe and your function in all of that. ( asquotedin Bell,1999, p.175 ) Although some of the numbing symptoms of vicarious injuries bear some resemblance to burnout and may in fact consequence in burnout over clip, research on healers has besides begun to set up vicarious injury as a distinguishable construct from burnout ( Figley, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ) . Unlike the concept of burnout, the concept of vicarious injury was developed from and is clinically grounded in injury theory, specifically constructivist self-development theory ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ) . In several surveies, burnout and general emph asis degrees were non related to exposure to traumatized clients, whereas steps of injury exposure and vicarious injuries were related ( Kassam-Adams, 1995 ; Schauben A ; Frazier, 1995 ) . Therefore, burnout entirely does non look to capture the effects of injury as an occupational stressor. Although vicarious injury may show with elements of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and reduced personal achievement, it besides has effects that are alone and specific to trauma work. Many professionals risk vicarious injuries through their contact with traumatized people or stuff that contains in writing images of injury. Surveies have indicated that about 38 % of societal workers experience moderate to high degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis ( Cornille A ; Meyers, 1999 ; Dalton, 2001 ) . In add-on, exigency workers ( Leseca, 1996 ; McCammon, Durham, Allison, A ; Williamson, 1988 ; Wagner, Heinrichs, A ; Ehlert, 1998 ) , nurses ( Joinson, 1992 ) , police officers ( Follette, Polusny, A ; Milbeck, 1994 ) , sexual assault counsellors ( Johnson A ; Hunter, 1997 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Schauben A ; Frazier, 1995 ) , child protective service workers ( Cornille A ; Meyers, 1999 ) , and trauma healers ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Follette et al. , 1994 ; Kassam-Adams, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) have all been documented as developing symptomology rather similar to acute and posttraumatic emphasis reactions as a consequence of their second-hand exposure to traumatic stuff. Recent surveies of injury healers have begun to research some of the factors involved in the development of vicarious injury. Therapist exposure to traumatic client stuff has been found to be an of import forecaster for symptoms of traumatic emphasis and, in some instances, of disrupted beliefs about ego and others. In a study of 148 counsellors, Schauben and Frazier ( 1995 ) found that those who worked with a higher per centum of sexual force subsisters reported more symptoms of pos ttraumatic emphasis upset and greater breaks in their beliefs about themselves and others than did counsellors seeing fewer subsisters. The research workers tied these symptoms of trauma counsellors to a figure of factors. Most normally, counsellors said that hearing the trauma narrative and sing the hurting of subsisters was emotionally run outing. Second, many counsellors felt that the guidance procedure was more hard when working with trauma subsisters, who tended to hold more jobs swearing and working in a curative relationship than clients who were non traumatized. Finally, some counsellors found the work more hard because of the institutional barriers within the legal, and mental wellness systems that their clients were forced to voyage. Similar findings emerged when research workers compared the emphasis degree of sexual assault counsellors with that of counsellors who worked with a more general client population ( Johnson A ; Hunter, 1997 ) . Not merely did sexual assault c ounsellors show greater grounds of emphasis, but their work emphasis besides contributed to personal relationship troubles at place. The impact of the healer s ain history of maltreatment on current study of vicarious injuries are ill-defined. Pearlman and MacIan ( 1995 ) reported significantly more vicarious injury symptoms in 60 % of the healers they surveyed who reported a personal history of injury. However, Schauben and Frazier ( 1995 ) found that counsellors with a history of victimization were non more hard-pressed by working with subsisters than were counsellors without such a history. Pearlman and Mac Ian found that healers without a trauma history were more likely to describe intrusive imagination than those with a history. Follette et Al. ( 1994 ) found that mental wellness professionals with a important history of childhood physical or sexual maltreatment did non see significantly more negative responses to child sexual maltreatment subsister clients than those without s uch a history. They besides reported significantly more positive header schemes. However, the comparing group of jurisprudence enforcement forces with childhood maltreatment histories who besides worked with sexual maltreatment subsisters showed significantly more hurt than the mental wellness professionals. The research workers hypothesized that the usage of personal therapy by 59.1 % of the mental wellness professionals versus 15.6 % of the jurisprudence enforcement professionals may hold accounted for the difference. Increased clip spent with traumatized clients seems to increase the hazard of stress reactions in mental wellness professionals ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) . Furthermore, disbursement clip in other work activities decreases the hazard. Having a more diverse caseload with a greater assortment of client jobs and take parting in research, instruction, and outreach besides appear to intercede the effects of traumatic exposure. Age and experience are reciprocally correlated with the development of vicarious injury. Younger and less experient counsellors exhibit the highest degrees of hurt ( Arvay A ; Uhlemann, 1996 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) . They may hold had less chance to incorporate traumatic narratives and experiences into their belief systems, every bit good as to develop effectual header schemes for covering with the effects of vicarious injury than hold older and more experient healers ( Neumann A ; Gamble, 1995 ) . Such was the instance of this experient counsellor who worked with beat-up adult females in the tribunal system: It hink for person who does nt make this type of work it would be utmost lystressful, but after twelve old ages, I ve merely I ve handled so many instances and dealt with so many people, I know my restriction sand the tribunal s restrictions and I merely do nt acquire as worked up about each instance as I used to. ( as quoted in Bell, 1999, p.117 ) vicarious injury can be considered a type of occupational jeopardy in scenes where there are high degrees of traumatized clients. As a consequence, organisations supplying services to trauma victims have a practical and ethical duty to turn to this hazard. Deductions for Agency Administrative Response The primary focal point of treatment about the bar of vicarious injury has been on the person ( for a good sum-up, see Yassen, 1995 ) . However, as with burnout, the organisational context of injury work has been discussed as a factor in the development of secondary injury. Several writers have written about their ain experiences in bureaus that serve traumatized persons. They have suggested both bar and intercession schemes in the countries of organisational civilization, work load, work environment, instruction, group support, supervising, and resources for self-care. Each of these will be discussed in bend below. Organizational Culture The values and civilization of an organisation set the outlooks about the work. When the work includes contact with injury, they besides set the outlooks about how workers will see injury and trade with it, both professionally and personally. Of primary concern is that organisations that serve trauma subsisters, whether colza crisis centres, shelters for beat-up adult females, or plans that work with veterans, acknowledge the impact of injury on the single worker and the organisation. As Rosenbloom, Pratt, and Pearlman ( 1995 ) wrote of their work at the Traumatic Stress Institute, We work together to develop an ambiance in which it is considered inevitable to be affected by the work ( p. 77 ) . It is non uncommon for feelings and reactions generated by injury to go forth the societal worker experiencing uneffective, unskilled, and even powerless. An organisational civilization that normalizes the consequence of working with trauma subsisters can supply a supportive environment f or societal workers to turn to those effects in their ain work and lives. It besides gives permission for societal workers to take attention of themselves. Yassen ( 1995 ) provided an illustration of a potentially harmful norm that can thwart workers efforts at self-care: In some scenes, it may be assumed that if employees do non work overtime, they are non committed to their work, or that clinicians who do non take holidaies are more committed to their work than are others ( p. 201 ) . A supportive organisation is one that non merely allows for holidaies, but besides creates chances for societal workers to change their caseload and work activities, take clip off for unwellness, take part in go oning instruction, and do clip for other self-care activities. Small bureaus might signal their committedness to staff by doing staff self-care a portion of the mission statement, understanding that finally it does impact client attention. Administrators might besides supervise staff hol iday clip and promote staff with excessively much accumulated clip to take clip off. Self-care issues could be addressed in staff meetings, and chances for go oning instruction could be circulated to staff. In societal work bureaus, which typically operate with unequal resources and grim service demands, such committednesss, irrespective of how little, are non inconsequential. Workload Research has shown that holding a more diverse caseload is associated with reduced vicarious injury ( Chrestman, 1995 ) . Such diverseness can assist the societal worker maintain the traumatic stuff in position and forestall the formation of a traumatic worldview ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ) . Agencies could develop intake processs that attempt to administer clients among staff in a manner that pays attending to the hazard of vicarious injury certain clients might show to workers. When possible, trauma instances should be distributed among a figure of societal workers who possess the necessary accomplishments ( Dutton A ; Rubinstein, 1995 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Wade et al. , 1996 ) . In add-on, societal workers whose primary occupation is to supply direct services to traumatized people may profit from chances to take part in societal alteration activities ( Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ) . Agencies that do non already supply such services might see supplying community instru ction and outreach or working to influence policy. Such activities can supply a sense of hope and authorization that can be stimulating and can neutralize some of the negative effects of trauma work. Organizations can besides keep an attitude of regard ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b, p. 170 ) for both clients and workers by admiting that work with trauma subsisters frequently involves multiple, long-run services. Organizations that are proactive in developing or associating clients with accessory services such as self-help groups, experienced medical professionals for medicine, in- and out-patient hospitalization, and resources for paying for these services will back up non merely clients, but besides decrease the work load of their staff ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . Developing coactions between bureaus that work with traumatized clients can supply material support and forestall a sense of isolation and defeat at holding to travel it entirely. Work Environment A safe, comfy, and private work environment is important for those societal workers in scenes that may expose them to violence ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Yassen, 1995 ) . Some work sites, such as shelters or bureaus located in high-crime vicinities, are so unsafe that workers may really see primary injury, instead than vicarious injury. In a sample of 210 accredited societal workers, Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 57.6 % had been threatened by a client or member of a client s household, and 16.6 % had been physically or sexually assaulted by a client or member of the client s household. Being threatened by a client or a member of a client s household was strongly correlated with compassion weariness. Although it is more of a challenge in certain scenes, protecting workers safety should be the primary concern of bureau disposal. Paying for security systems or security guards may be a necessary cost of making concern for some bureaus that provide services to traumatized persons. F ailing that, bureaus may see developing a brother system for coworkers so that if one worker is threatened by a client, another can cite the constabulary. In add-on to attending to basic safety, Pearlman and Saakvitne ( 1995b ) have suggested that workers need to hold personally meaningful points in their workplace. These can include images of their kids or of topographic points they have visited, scenes of nature or quotes that help them retrieve who they are and why they do this work. One hotline worker described her usage of such an point: When itsare alintense call, I sort of intuition over the phone and sort of similar focal point here on my [ computing machine screen ] and I some times try to consciously state my ego to sit back and expression at one of my images that I have up to remind me of happier times. ( asquotedin Bell,1998 ) Agency decision makers can promote staff to do these little investings in their work environment. By puting animating postings or images of scenic environments ( instead than bureau regulations and ordinances ) in the waiting suites, staff meeting suites, and interruption suites, the organisation can pattern the importance of the personal in the professional. In add-on, workers besides need topographic points for remainder at the occupation site, such as a interruption room that is separate from clients ( Yassen, 1995 ) . With a infinite such as this, the organisation could turn to the self-care demands of staff by supplying a java shaper, soft music, and comfy furniture. Education Trauma-specific instruction besides diminishes the potency of vicarious injury. Information can assist persons to call their experience and supply a model for understanding and reacting to it. Training scenes, such as schools of societal work, have a duty to supply this information to field housemans come ining arrangements where they will meet injury ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . Dalton ( 2001 ) found that societal workers with maestro s grades had lower degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis compared with those with baccalaureate grades. This difference suggests that the type of clinical preparation available in maestro s plans, such as information about client authorization, self-care, and acknowledging destructive behaviours, may be a losing but of import portion of developing societal workers in baccalaureate plans to forestall secondary emphasis and vicarious injury. Attempts to educate staff about vicarious injuries can get down in the occupation interview ( Urquiza, W yatt, A ; Goodlin-Jones, 1997 ) . Agencies have a responsibility to warn appliers of the possible hazards of trauma work and to measure new workers resiliency ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . New employees can be educated about the hazards and effects associated with injury, as new and inexperient workers are likely to see the most impact ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Neumann A ; Gamble, 1995 ) . Ongoing instruction about injury theory and the effects of vicarious injuries can be included in staff preparation ( Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) and discussed on an on-going footing as portion of staff meetings. Agencies can take advantage of the booming figure of workshops on vicarious injury at professional conferences in societal work and other subjects by directing a staff member for preparation and inquiring that worker to portion what he or she has learned with the remainder of the staff. This information provides a utile context and helps societal workers to exper ience more competent and have more realistic outlooks about what they can carry through in their professional function. Preparation for a nerve-racking event, when possible, protects persons from the consequence of emphasis ( Chemtob et al. , 1990 ) . Learning new ways to turn to clients injury may besides assist prevent vicarious injury. Theories, such as constructivist self-development theory ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990a ) on which the theory of vicarious injury is based, maintain a double focal point between past injury and the client s current strengths and resources. Working from a theoretical model that acknowledges and enhances client strengths and focal points on solutions in the present can experience authorising for client and worker and cut down the hazard of vicarious injury. Group Support Both the burnout literature and the Hagiographas about vicarious injuries emphasize the importance of societal support within the organisation ( Catherall, 1995 ; Munroe et al. , 1995 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ) . Staff opportunities to debrief informally and process traumatic stuff with supervisors and equals are helpful ( Horwitz, 1998 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . Critical incident emphasis debriefing ( Mitchell, 1983, as cited in Wollman, 1993 ) is a more formalistic method for treating specific traumatic events but may be less helpful in pull offing insistent or chronic traumatic stuff ( Horwitz, 1998 ) . Support can besides take the signifier of coworkers aid with paperwork or exigency backup. Time for societal interaction between coworkers, such as observing birthdays or other events every bit good as organized team-building activities and staff retreats, can increase workers feeling of group coherence and common support. Peer support groups may ass ist because equals can frequently clear up co-workers penetrations, listen for and right cognitive deformations, offer perspective/reframing, and relate to the emotional province of the societal worker ( Catherall, 1995 ) . Group support can take a assortment of signifiers, such as audience, intervention squads, instance conferences, or clinical seminars, and can be either peer led or professionally led. For illustration, shelter workers interviewed by Bell ( 1999 ) started a reading group and together read and discussed Pearlman and Saakvitne s ( 1995a ) book, Trauma and the Therapist: Countertransference and Vicarious Traumatization in Psychotherapy With Incest Survivors. The group met after work on a regular footing. Group members learned about vicarious injuries and ways to cover with it in their ain work and lives. The group cost the bureau nil, did non interfere with work, and provided an chance for workers to give each other much-needed support. Regardless of the signifier g roup support takes, Munroe et Al. ( 1995 ) warned that it should be considered an adjunct to, non a replacement for, self-care or clinical supervising. There are some possible booby traps of group support. One is the inclination toward groupthink and conformance ( Munroe et al. , 1995 ) . Another is that members hearing about a coworker s hurt may utilize distancing and victim-blaming as a defence mechanism. Peer groups and intervention squads besides offer the chance for traumatic reenactments, such as dividing the group members into the functions of user and exploited, that are so common in working with trauma subsisters ( Munroe et al. , 1995 ) . When groups are held within bureaus, there is besides the possible job generated by conflicting functions in the group, such as a supervisor who is both protagonist and judge or a coworker/supervisor who is besides a friend. Finally, group members may be more instead than less traumatized by the necessity of hearing each other s worst horror narratives. Guzzino and Taxis ( 1995 ) have suggested a figure of ways for members of such groups to speak about their experiences without farther traumatising group members through the usage of psychodrama and art therapy. To farther minimise the potency for jobs in support groups, Catherall ( 1995 ) has suggested that group members discuss such a possibility before it happens and normalise the experience of vicarious injury and its impact on the person and the group. Supervision Effective supervising is an indispensable constituent of the bar and healing of vicarious injury. Responsible supervising creates a relationship in which the societal worker feels safe in showing frights, concerns, and insufficiencies ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Organizations with a hebdomadal group supervising format set up a locale in which traumatic stuff and the subsequent personal consequence may be processed and normalized as portion of the work of the organisation. As one hotline worker said of the value of supervisory support in response to a nerve-racking call: It s sort of like you have this large poke of stones and every clip you sort of Tell person about it you can, you know, give them a twosome of your stones and your poke gets lighter ( as quoted in Bell, 1998 ) .Effective supervising is an indispensable constituent of the bar and healing of vicarious injury. Responsible supervising creates a relationship in which the societal worker feels safe in showing frights, concerns, a nd insufficiencies ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Organizations with a hebdomadal group supervising format set up a locale in which traumatic stuff and the subsequent personal consequence may be processed and normalized as portion of the work of the organisation. As one hotline worker said of the value of supervisory support in response to a nerve-racking call: It s sort of like you have this large poke of stones and every clip you sort of Tell person about it you can, you know, give them a twosome of your stones and your poke gets lighter ( as quoted in Bell, 1998 ) . In add-on to supplying emotional support, supervisors can besides learn staff about vicarious injury in a manner that is supportive, respectful, and sensitive to its effects ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . If at all possible, supervising and rating should be separate maps in an organisation because a concern about rating might do a worker relucta nt to convey up issues in his or her work with clients that might be signals of vicarious injury. Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 9 % of the discrepancy in her survey of societal workers and secondary traumatic emphasis was related to supervising. Her consequences indicated that the figure of times a worker received nonevaluative supervising and the figure of hours of nonevaluative supervising were positively related to low degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis. In state of affairss where supervisors can non divide the supervisory and appraising maps, bureau decision makers might see undertaking with an outside adviser for trauma-specific supervising on either an single or group footing. The cost of such preventative audience might be good worth the cost nest eggs that would ensue from decreased employee turnover or ineffectualness as a consequence of vicarious trauma.In add-on to supplying emotional support, supervisors can besides learn staff about vicarious injury in a manner that i s supportive, respectful, and sensitive to its effects ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . If at all possible, supervising and rating should be separate maps in an organisation because a concern about rating might do a worker reluctant to convey up issues in his or her work with clients that might be signals of vicarious injury. Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 9 % of the discrepancy in her survey of societal workers and secondary traumatic emphasis was related to supervising. Her consequences indicated that the figure of times a worker received nonevaluative supervising and the figure of hours of nonevaluative supervising were positively related to low degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis. In state of affairss where supervisors can non divide the supervisory and appraising maps, bureau decision makers might see undertaking with an outside adviser for trauma-specific supervising on either an single or group footing. The cost of such preve

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Freedom Of Speech And Expression Study On China Media Essay

Freedom Of Speech And Expression Study On China Media Essay Almost every country in the world has a constitution, which outlines the basic laws and political principles of a government. Within this constitution are the freedoms, rights and liberties of its people. One such freedom is the freedom of speech and expression, which is the fundamental right to express your thoughts, views, concerns and ideas. This privilege includes communication through speech and writing and non-verbal forms of communication, such as picketing or demonstrating to convey discontent. There is truth to the adage that actions often speak louder than words. Freedom of speech and expression is not absolute. There are boundaries that must be observed. For example, you cannot destroy or otherwise damage the reputations of other people with untruths or distortions of the truth. As every individual has the right to speak ones mind, so then do we have the right as well as the obligation to hear what others have to say, and one must be tolerant of what the message is. As George Orwell said, If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they dont want to hear. Censorship is an ugly reality. In the media, we often see it portrayed on posters and placards as an angry slash across a mouth or perhaps a hand covering the mouth or the eyes. The truth of the matter is that it is persistent and insidious throughout the world, not just in countries notorious for repressing its citizens but in our own back yard. Freedom of speech can never totally manifest itself, as censorship is always nearby. One must ask the question, then, are people truly free to express their thoughts? The Peoples Republic of China is the worlds most densely inhabited country with roughly 1.3 billion inhabitants. In terms of world economies, it is second only to the United States, and, assuming it continues to modernize at its present rate, will have the worlds largest economy by some point in the twenty first century (Bloomberg). It is a nuclear power, occupies one of the five permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council, has achieved very high and sustained rates of economic growth and has managed to pull hundreds of millions of its own citizens out of poverty. Regardless of these achievements, China still has a number of significant problems to deal with, such as inadequate health care and environmental protection and the significant issue of ethnic tensions between China and Tibet. As for its government, despite attempts to amend Chinas political system, it remains a steadfast communist state. The Chinese Empire united a huge territory and many different peoples. During the more than two thousand years of imperial rule, China developed a mode of government that was highly dictatorial, willing to use violence to suppress dissent, and which stressed the value of the group over that of the individual. The Republic of China was established on January 1, 1912, and was then replaced by the Peoples Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Censorship in the Media This rigid form of government is still in place. In an article written for Reporters Sans Frontià ¨res, an undisclosed Chinese technician reported that it has a great deal of power and is highly controlling, using most of the traditional news media such as radio, TV, and print to maintain its unbending power over its citizens and policies. The Communist Party of China, abbreviated to CPC, has forbidden autonomous news and independent information. When a brand new source of information surfaced, called the Internet, the same level of control that the government once had was somewhat lost. The Internet is the first avenue to present an immediate method of sharing and expressing personal views to the public, and within China, these views are often oppositional to the governments perspective. (Journey to the Heart of Internet Censorship) Merriam-Webster defines censorship as the suppression or deletion of anything that is considered to be offensive, immoral or harmful to society. It follows, then, that Internet censorship is the suppression of any and all information available via the Internet that may be considered to be offensive, immoral or harmful to society. The Communist Party of China heavily supervises this accessible information in order to protect itself and to ensure that its citizens are not armed with any rebellious or otherwise contrary ideas. Any commentary that does not adhere to the official government position must be amended or the reporter is fired. All internet service providers operating in China must practice self-censorship or risk the loss of their license to operate. This stranglehold that the government has over these private websites is the countrys best form of censorship. The keystone of the censorship system in China is that basically ownership is censorship. If you own something Web site editor, newspaper editor, press group owner you are responsible for what is there. (Bequelin) It has been suggested by various western reporters that a further motive for Chinas Internet censorship is so that the government may be able to coerce its population to buy local, so to speak, as the open market is not readily available. This practice therefore may be an artificial boost to its own e-commerce industry. Although this censorship exists all over the world, China practices it at an extreme level. The Paris based organization Reporters Sans Frontià ¨res, RSF, has China on its Internet Enemy List, ranking it 171st out of 178 countries (2010) in terms of press freedom. China has implemented the worlds most complicated information barrier to monitor the Internet material coming into China from outside the country. They screen the constant stream of information, watchful of certain key words, blocking out harmful sites. This barrier has been coined The Great Firewall of China. Nearly all Internet data enters or leaves China via fiber-optic cables at three points, and the Chinese government has ordered Chinese Internet carriers to install routers there, which act as gatekeepers by filtering out material deemed illegal. The government provides carriers with a list of all the banned sites, identified by their Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and URL (uniform resource identifier), and these are simply fed into the filters. (Petley, p. 104) This Great Firewall of China was built primarily by Cisco, an American-based multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, networking and communications technology and services. When the Internet search engine Google launched a special version in early 2006 that would censor searches for topics that the Chinese authorities did not wish its citizens to discuss, it was widely regarded as a concession by the company to a regime unwilling to allow free speech. Google maintains that the only way they could remain in China and be competitive with domestic search engines was to offer Google.cn. Yahoo, Microsoft and Skype all justify their censored versions of their product offered to China by claiming that these modified editions are necessary for them to be able to participate in the worlds largest market. In 2008 the eyes of the world fell on Beijing, as it hosted the summer Olympic Games. This was an opportunity for China to show the world how far it had come since the reforms of 1978 in terms of economic, political, and social development. The infrastructure, planning and the games themselves were a huge success, generating enormous global television audiences. However, early on in the Games it became clear that the Chinese government was censoring journalists access to the Internet in the official media center. In its bid to host the Games in 2001, the Chinese government had promised to give journalists complete freedom to report from the Games. However, when the time came, journalists found they were unable to access Internet websites related to human rights issues, popular unrest, Chinese politics, Taiwan or Tibet or even food safety issues. Despite international outcry at the censorship, and some slight changes in the level of censorship, journalists were never able to attain co mplete, unrestricted access during the Games. Tiananmen Square The Chinese government continuously manipulates or restricts history if they perceive it as a threat to the social, political or economic stability of the country. One such incident is the Tiananmen Square Massacre of 1989. Tiananmen Square is the worlds largest public square situated in Beijing, China. It has been the location of many historical events, such as the May 1919 uprising, Mao Zedongs proclamation of the Peoples Republic of China on October 1, 1949 and the Massacre on June 4th, 1989. Although the protests were centered in the square, it has been reported that there were no deaths in the square itself, but rather in the streets surrounding the square. Hu Yaobang, a pro-democracy government official, died on April 15, 1989. With his death came peaceful memorial demonstrations in Shanghai, Beijing, and other cities by students and intellectuals. By April 21, the crowd had grown to roughly 100,000 people. The demonstrators were demanding economic change and an end to the Chinese governments authoritarianism. By May 19, martial law was declared, and military vehicles began to mobilize. Some students began a hunger strike, which grew to thousands, to coincide with a state visit by Soviet party Chief Mikhail Gorbachev, as his presence was covered by foreign media representatives. The government was humiliated. On the night of June 3rd, the government acted. They ordered the Peoples Liberation Army to clear the square and put an end to the protest. No one knows for sure the death toll. Many more died in the days and weeks following, as the government systematically eradicated any remaining dissidents. The International Red Cross put the number of casualties at 2,800 dead and an equal number injured, while Amnesty International believes the number to be closer to 1,000. To this day, the entire events of that period in Chinas history remain unknown. The government refuses to acknowledge the actual number of dead, wounded, imprisoned and executed. In 1991, Prime Minister Li Peng, who had ordered the Tiananmen shootings in consultation with Deng Xiaoping, stated the Partys position, which has not changed since: in view of the families desire for silence and secrecy, the names of the victims would not be released. ((Sorman, p. 160) Chinas economy suffered as the world reacted with international restrictions. Foreign loans to China were suspended by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and various governments, such as Japan, suspended all loans to the country. President Bush cancelled all military sales to the Chinese government. Tourism revenue decreased drastically. While other communist countries in the world were falling, the crackdown had the opposite effect than what the students had originally protested for. Censorship in Religion China is officially an atheist state; however, religious freedom was always guaranteed under the Peoples Republic of China constitution. Despite this supposed freedom, only five religions are officially accepted. These are Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Taoism and Islam. All are strictly controlled by the government. Since the reforms of 1978, the Chinese government has been more tolerant of the revival of religion, in the belief that it will foster greater social cohesion. One religious organization that it will not tolerate is Falun Gong. Although in its earlier stages the government watched and monitored the movement, as it grew in popularity, the Communist Party of China declared it a heretical organization in October 1999. The CPC believes it to be a well organized political group that is in opposition to the central government. Conclusion In recent years, China has begun to relax some of its rigidity. As of October 2008, foreign journalists would not be required to get government permission to travel within China or interview Chinese citizens. However permission was still needed to travel and report in restricted areas such as Tibet and Xinjiang. 2008 saw many of the worlds economies plunge, and China too, felt the downturn. As the global financial crisis worsened, the CPC has allowed some of the bad news reports concerning the economy to be available to its people. This is an important point as one recent immigrant to Canada from China told AFP, the media is different here. In China it is propaganda, promotion of things well done. Here they speak of disasters or human rights, look for negative sides. (Chinese Media) Despite these progresses that China has made in recent years, it is still so heavily censored by a government that is intolerant of its peoples thoughts, opinions and concerns. It is quite obvious that the Chinese are not truly free to express their thoughts. In an address to the officers of the US army in 1738, George Washington, the first president of the United States of America said, If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter

Proving Yourself to the World and to Others. :: Essays Papers

Proving Yourself to the World and to Others. In the world today, people are faced with having to prove themselves to others. They are stuck knowing that by their flaws and mistakes, the world is just ready to put them on a shelf just like everyone else. In the book,â€Å"The Pact,† three best friends, Sampson Davis, George Jenkins and Rameck Hunt, strive to prove to the world and to their families that they can break away from the statistics, of turning to dugs and never making anything out of their lives, that could be set out to haunt them. That is just what my good friend; Carrie would have to face during her high school year. I met Carrie my junior year of high school. We did not become friends instantly but gradually over time we started to talk. I was friends with her boyfriend at the time and always was there to talk to him and help him during lunch with any situation that would come up. He always came to talk to me about what was happening in his relationship with Carrie. I tried to give him as much advice as possible without knowing who Carrie was. There was one instant where Carrie was supposable pregnant but would later find out it was a false alarm. They were on and off half of the year, but something would change everything. Carrie became pregnant half way through her sophomore year. At that time, I started to talk to Carrie. We were starting to become best friends and I realized that with all the problems she was going through with her boyfriend and her pregnancy, all I could do was help her with any problem she may face like falling behind in school or with her boyfriend. It was hard on her because here she was still in high school and she was about to become a mother. Her boyfriend was never there for her during this important time and I let him know about it during lunch. All I ever heard from them was arguments and breakups. They never could decide what they wanted. After countless arguments, Carrie got annoyed and ended the relationship. She would not consider adoption and was against abortion. To her, it would be hard to give up a child and never see the child’s first walk, or hear the first words. So to her the only good choice was to have the baby and care for it.

Of course women take care of men and are subordinate to male authority – True?

Men are known to be more aggressive, and independent, than woman. They are braver, more outgoing, and extroverted, confident in their own ability to control and manipulate the external environment. Most societies have traditionally regarded men as doers, warriors, hunters scientists artists writers captains of industry and politics. These generalizations apply to pretty much every known human society. Some sociologists and anthropologists believe that there is not and never has been a society in which women do not have an inferior status to that of men. If you were to ask others what they consider to be the most fundamental behavioral difference between males and females, most would likely say aggression – specifically, that males are more aggressive than females, because males secrete higher levels of the hormone testosterone. It assumes that men everywhere and at all times have been women's superiors and that work men do is more important or more highly valued than women's work. Sex, gender, sexuality. Chart,,,,, All 3 are interlinked. Feminine or masculine gender identity exists only with in the framework of experiences of a body sexed as female or male and within the context of sexual practices understood as expressing the feminine or masculine identity. Men and women maybe two halves of the same species, but they seem to live in almost separate worlds. Women have been the carers of men and their children. While a woman's has been in the home, A mans place has been in the jungle, the battlefield or the world of work. We describe ourselves in many different ways. One of the most fundamental ways is to say ‘I am a man' or ‘I am woman'. That is to describe us in terms of our sex. If you are a woman, people would not be surprised to see you wearing slacks, but they might expect to see you in a dress. Most also expect you to be rather emotional and given to cry easily. They will think of you as nurturing, preoccupied with romance, personal relationships, and your appearance, and inept with things mechanical. If you are a man though, people will expect you wearing slacks, and they would be shocked to see you in a dress. Most also expect you to be assertive and always in control of your emotions. They will think of you as ambitious and competitive. Preoccupied with your studies, work, sports, and mechanically inclined. Every society has rules about which activities are suitable for males and which for females. In western societies today, sex is an organizing principle of social structure, it plays a great part in determining social roles. Women were seen to reproduce and care for children. The basic family consists of a mother and child. Parsons characterized the women's role in the family as â€Å"expressive†, meaning that she provides warmth, security and emotional support for her husband and children. Parsons also argued that for the family to operate efficiently as a social system, there must be a clear cut sexual division of labor. Like a button and a buttonhole, they lock together to promote family solidarity. From this it follows that attempts to abolish gender roles and replace them with unisex roles may be in fact going against the will of nature. Women today rather than being passive and dependant, are instead likely to be active food providers as well as inventors and crafters of new material technology. How did we get here from there? Including population growth, increased environmental danger from ecological changes or warfare, the establishment of trade or exchange relations between societies, a change from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle, and technological advances allowing for the accumulation of a surplus of food and other goods. The available evidence indicates that specific gender relations appear to arise largely in response to external circumstances -economic, political, and social, not biological imperatives. In the workforce, the last ninety years have seen both the dramatic change and perhaps surprising continuity in the patterns of female labor in oz. In the 1st decade of the century, women moved into offices and shops in large numbers, transforming these jobs into predominantly female occupations. The professions of medicine law dentistry admitted increasing numbers of women from the turn of the century. * Last q. Even now many still think a womens place is at home, but the 20th century winks and her roles are scattered somewhere b/w tradition and total liberation. The 1980s and 1990s have brought women far reaching changes in almost all walks of life. History has not been kind to women as well as the determined pressure of womens group, and new attitudes have powered change and progress. Although women have more right these days then the past, there is still this discrete inequality that is taking place in society. At work and home. At work, women are concentrated in womens work. The service and caring industries, such as nursing, teaching, and typing. They get lower pay than men. Few women get into top professions and even fewer into top posts, even in their own fields. At home, some sociologists like Hannah Garron see modern marriage as a form of property relationship. An institution that ensures women continued subordination economically, financially, legally, and emotionally. Women at home experience frustration, stress and boredom. A modern housewife either faces life of loneliness and lack of reward, or goes to work and so has to face the demands of 2 jobs. 1) Why can a man lift a tone of bricks, but he cant lift up a mop? 2) Why is it that when it comes to education girls are smarter, yet men get the better paid jobs overall? 3) Society has been carrying this stereotype for thousands of years, what makes you think we can change it. Yes women have come far, but how long has it taken us? 4) Would World War have taken place if women ruled the world?

The Difference Between Fellowships and Scholarships

The Difference Between Fellowships and Scholarships You may have heard other students talk about applying for a scholarship or a fellowship and wondered what the difference is between the two. Scholarships and fellowships are forms of financial aid, but they arent exactly the same thing. In this article, well explore the difference between fellowships and scholarships so that you can learn what each type of aid means for you. Scholarships Defined A scholarship is a type of funding that can be applied to educational costs, such as tuition, books, fees, etc. Scholarships are also known as grants or financial aid. There are many different types of scholarships. Some are awarded based on financial need, while others are awarded based on merit. You can also receive scholarships from random drawings, membership in a particular organization, or through a contest (such as an essay competition). A scholarship is a desirable form of financial aid because it does not have to be paid back like a student loan. The amounts awarded to a student through a scholarship could be as little as $100 or as high as $120,000 on up. Some scholarships are renewable, which means that you can use the scholarship to pay for your first year of undergraduate school and then renew it in your second year, third year, and fourth year. Scholarships are available for undergraduate and graduate level study, but scholarships are typically more plentiful for undergraduate students. Scholarship Example The National Merit Scholarship is an example of a well-known, longstanding scholarship for students seeking an undergraduate degree. Each year, the National Merit Scholarship Program awards scholarships worth $2,500 each to thousands of high school students who achieve exceptionally high scores on the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT). Each $2,500 scholarship is issued through a single one-time payment, meaning the scholarship cannot be renewed each year. Another example of a scholarship is the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation College Scholarship. This scholarship is awarded to high school students with financial need and a record of academic achievement. Scholarship winners receive up to $40,000 per year to put towards tuition, living expenses, books, and required fees. This scholarship can be renewed each year for up to four years, making the entire award worth up to $120,000. Fellowships Defined Like a scholarship, a fellowship is also a type of grant that can be applied to educational costs such as tuition, books, fees, etc. It does not need to be paid back like a student loan.  These awards are usually geared toward students who are earning a masters degree or doctorate degree. Although many fellowships include a tuition stipend, some of them are designed to fund a research project. Fellowships are sometimes available for pre-baccalaureate research projects but are more commonly available to graduate-level students who are performing some form of post-baccalaureate research. Service commitments, such as a commitment to complete a particular project, teach other students, or participate in an internship, may be required as part of the fellowship. These service commitments may be required for a specific period of time, such as six months, one year, or two years. Some fellowships are renewable. Unlike scholarships, fellowships are not usually need-based. They are also rarely awarded at random to contest winners. Fellowships are typically merit-based, which means you must demonstrate some form of achievement in your chosen field, or at the very least, demonstrate potential to achieve or do something impressive in your field. Fellowship Example The Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans is a fellowship program for immigrants and children of immigrants who are earning a graduate degree in the United States. The fellowship covers 50 percent of tuition and includes a $25,000 stipend. Thirty fellowships are awarded each year. This fellowship program is merit-based, meaning that applicants must be able to demonstrate a commitment to, or at least a capacity for, accomplishment and contributions  in their field of study. Another example of a fellowship is the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration Stewardship Science Graduate Fellowship (DOE NNSA SSGF). This fellowship program is for students who are seeking a Ph.D. in science and engineering fields. Fellows receive full tuition for their chosen program, a $36,000 yearly stipend, and an annual $1,000 academic allowance. They must participate in a fellowship conference in the summer and a 12-week  research practicum  at one of DOEs national defense laboratories. This fellowship can be renewed annually for up to four years. Applying for Scholarships and Fellowships Most scholarship and fellowship programs have an application deadline, which means that you must apply by a certain date to be eligible. These deadlines vary by program. However, you typically apply for a scholarship or fellowship the year before you need it or in the same year that you need it. Some scholarship and fellowship programs also have additional eligibility requirements. For example, you may need a GPA of at least 3.0 to apply or you may be required to be a member of a particular organization or demographic to be eligible for the award. No matter what the program requirements are, it is important to follow all of the rules when submitting your application to increase your chances of success. It is also important to remember that many scholarship and fellowship competitions are competitive- there are a lot of people who want free money for school- so you should always take your time to put your best foot forward and submit an application that you can be proud of. For example, if you have to submit an essay as part of the application process, make sure that the essay reflects your best work. Tax Implications of Fellowships and Scholarships There are tax implications that you should be aware of when accepting a fellowship or scholarship in the United States. The amounts that you receive may be tax-free or you may be required to report them as taxable income. A fellowship or scholarship is tax-free if you will be using the money you receive to pay for required tuition, fees, books, supplies, and equipment for courses at an academic institution where youre a candidate for a degree. The academic institution you are attending must conduct regular educational activities and have a faculty, curriculum, and body of students. In other words, it has to be a real school. A fellowship or scholarship is considered taxable income and must be reported as part of your gross income if the money you receive is used to pay for incidental expenses not required by the courses you need to take to earn your degree. Examples of incidental expenses include travel or commuting expenses, room and board, and optional equipment (i.e., materials that are not required to complete the necessary courses). A fellowship or scholarship is also considered taxable income if the money you receive serves as a payment for research, teaching, or other services that you must perform in order to receive the scholarship or fellowship. For example, if you are given a fellowship as payment for your teaching one or more courses at the school, the fellowship is considered income and must be claimed as income.

NFL Hater Alternative Ways to Spend Super Bowl Sunday

NFL Hater Alternative Ways to Spend Super Bowl Sunday Super Bowl Sunday! Bread and circuses, bread and circuses! Not really into it? Thats not a problem and theres nothing wrong with you. Super Bowl haters are no more considered abnormal, non-conformists and aliens. Its not your fault that unlike millions of Americans you know better than sitting in front of TV eating junk food, pretending to understand whats going on and in fact just coming for food and drinking games. If you are not going for a Super Bowl Party youve got to fill your Sunday with some alternative plans (cause all your friends and relatives and acquaintances will probably be watching football). Alas, we’ve put together quite a list of things you can try on Super Bowl Sunday. Fear not. It’s not the average, â€Å"Go play some Frisbee golf† list of alternatives. Alternative #1: Do Something Different In reality this should become a personal philosophy of yours from here on out. Did you do the same stuff today that you did yesterday? How about the day before that? It’s time to burst out of your comfort bubble. Do something that makes you uncomfortable. Do something out of the ordinary for â€Å"someone like you.† Here’s a thought, do something you try to avoid. Or, something you’ve never done yet out of fear (nothing bad or illegal). Why do it this Sunday? Super Bowl happens every year. Pretty soon the roman numerals will reach a point where absolutely no one has a clue what number it is (we may have already reached this point). But your life is only going to happen this one, very brief and fleeting, time. And remember youve dreamt about the day when you have nothing to do and nobody is bothering you? Well, thats the day, so use it to do something you wont regret about. Alternative #2: Go Knit Something! Just kidding. Alternative #3: Watch TED Talks All Day You can do everything that the Super Bowl people are doing, just change up the programming to something more â€Å"progressive†. So chips, BBQ wings, a gargantuan hi-def plasma TV, and a bunch of high achievers (99% of which couldn’t make it through try outs in middle school). Youll learn lots of useful, have mixed emotions, enrich your outlook with fresh ideas. TED talks are awesome, mind-blowing and inspiring. Pretty close to the Super Bowl, except no one’s wearing helmets. If you are not that much into educational programs like TED, you are welcome to replace it with your favourite TV series or old movies youve always wanted to see. Alternative #4: Pretend The World’s Ending†¦ The idea appeared first in the smosh.com article a couple years ago, but it is still relevant. If you live in a big (or small) sports-nut town, then the streets, movie theatres, and pretty much everywhere else but the sports bars should be empty during the Super Bowl. You could dress up like a medical patient that just woke up out of a coma into the aftermath of the apocalypse where only roaming bands of renegades and zombies still lurk around every corner. Then, just start wandering around. Just remember: â€Å"It’s fun to pretend, but make sure you dont get overzealous and start looting because this apocalypse is only going to happen until the game is over and you will go to a very real jail.† Alternative #5: Sleep The semester has only started and youve got lots of sleepless nights ahead. Whats more, New Years wasn’t that long ago. And not to mention that students are always sleep deprived. You deserve some rest, and thats the day you can sleep through with no regrets. Alternative #6: Just Be Absolutely Clueless Stop being all defensive. Who cares if you don’t care about the dang Super Bowl? Why youve being all insecure about this? Just go about your day as if you haven’t got clue-one what football is, what the Super Bowl is, or what the big deal is anyway. Twiddle your thumbs, kick some rocks, count some sheep. Whatever floats your boat! Alternative #8: Try to Awaken the Sports-Hordes It’s true, one of the signs of a crumbling empire is that it turns into mob-rule that craves distractions: games, bread, and circuses. You’re right, the world needs saving. Instead of wasting your time watching the Super Bowl, write an epic speech that will inspire the masses, awaken them, enlighten them, and galvanize them to save the rain forest, get income disparity under control, slow down the pace of evolving artificial intelligence! The future of the world is in your hands now! Alternative #9: Alternative Party Who said that you cant host a party just because everyone will be watching football? There are lots of NFL haters, hippies and non-conformists, geeks and intellectuals, and single girls who are also going to ignore Super Bowl Parties and will be more than excited to help you organize the alternative one. The theme of your party may be just that super bowl hating, with vegan snacks and drinks other than beer. Or you may choose any other theme that is suitable to your mood, and weather, and place where you going to host it. We are not going to be that cliche to include alternative #10 in the list as you may expect. But if you have any ideas that can be added to our list share them in the comments!

Hypothesis Testing & Variance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hypothesis Testing & Variance - Research Paper Example The critical value is 1.997138 test statistic is -14.2189. Since the calculation of the confidence level failed to include 5.2, the null hypothesis would be rejected H0: ÃŽ ¼= 5.2. Nevertheless the decision is a close one since it had the two-tailed test of hypothesis, as the minimum confidence level limit almost included 5.2. Application for managers.Even though, the sample mean 5.078788 appears to be extremely close to 5.2, the mean has a more by one standard deviation from the mean desired. This problem shows that a small difference in mean could be so crucial. It all relies on n and ÏÆ'. This means that the standard error forms the test statistic’s denominator. In this regard, there is a high chance of precision in the process of manufacturing (ÏÆ' = 0.72 is extremely small) the standard error and available variation is relatively small. The small, mean difference may not be identified to the customers. Since the calculation of the confidence level failed to include 5.4, the null hypothesis would be rejected H0: ÃŽ ¼= 5.4. Nevertheless the decision is a close one since it had the two-tailed test of hypothesis, as the minimum confidence level limit almost included 5.4.  Application for managers.Interpretation: Despite The fact that, the sample means 5.386364appears to be extremely close to 5.4, the mean has an addition of two standard deviations from the mean desired. This problem shows that a small difference in the mean could be so crucial. In this regard, there is a high chance of precision in the process of manufacturing.

Financial Applications for Excel Spreadsheet Essay

Financial Applications for Excel Spreadsheet - Essay Example The system would require a master spreadsheet that is linked to all the individual Excel timesheets for all the staff. The first spreadsheet to be created would be the one for inputting the staff member’s punch in and punch out times. Each staff would have their own timesheet under their name. It would probably consist of a bi-weekly or weekly calendar, depending on the payroll, with each day dated and a row of cells to input times in and out, for lunch and then total. There are formulas within that will calculate the decimal time from the standard time being inputted to allow it to transfer easily into the payroll program. There would also be columns for any sick, vacation or personal time used. The staff person, ideally, would sit down at their computer and before doing anything else open up the spreadsheet input the date and then time, either manually or with the shortcut keys. Then when they go to lunch sign out and in and when they leave for the day, sign out. The total for the day will appear at the end and the total for the week at the bottom, including any personal time taken in the o ther columns. Each staff person would have their own spreadsheet to fill out and they would all be located on the same network drive. The master spreadsheet would have the employee’s names in one column and then the totals for the week, or whatever pay period payroll would use, in the subsequent columns all on one spreadsheet. The totals on this sheet would be laid out the in the same order as on the timesheets to make linking the cells easier. To link you would have the master sheet open and then an individual’s timesheet. In the master sheet you would type an = sign into the cell you want to link and then switch to the timesheet, select the cell to link to there and hit enter. You will return to the master sheet and there is now a direct link to that cell on the master sheet. You can link the other cells merely by copying that master cell and